Free Online Number & Data Converter Tools
High-precision utilities to calculate, convert, and format digital data units, byte representations, and numerical encoding formats. 100% client-side with zero server latency.
Data Size & Bytes Converter
Convert seamlessly between Bytes (B), Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), Terabytes (TB), and Petabytes (PB) across both binary (1024) and decimal (1000) standards.
Launch Bytes ConverterBase64 Text & Binary Encoder
Encode binary data into ASCII characters or decode Base64 strings back to UTF-8 text and raw bytes for HTTP headers and data URIs.
Open Base64 ToolUnix Epoch Timestamp Tool
Convert raw numeric epoch timestamps (seconds and milliseconds) to human-readable ISO-8601, UTC, and localized calendar dates.
Open Timestamp ToolUnderstanding Digital Data Sizing: Binary (IEC) vs. Decimal (SI)
When working with digital storage, two competing calculation standards dictate how units are defined: Decimal (SI) based on powers of 10 (1,000) and Binary (IEC) based on powers of 2 (1,024). Operating systems like Microsoft Windows calculate file sizes using the binary standard, whereas disk drive manufacturers and network hardware vendors rate capacity using the decimal SI standard.
| Unit Name | Decimal (SI) Symbol | SI Value (Power of 10) | Binary (IEC) Symbol | IEC Value (Power of 2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kilobyte / Kibibyte | KB | 1,000 Bytes (10³) | KiB | 1,024 Bytes (2¹⁰) |
| Megabyte / Mebibyte | MB | 1,000,000 Bytes (10⁶) | MiB | 1,048,576 Bytes (2²⁰) |
| Gigabyte / Gibibyte | GB | 1,000,000,000 Bytes (10⁹) | GiB | 1,073,741,824 Bytes (2³⁰) |
| Terabyte / Tebibyte | TB | 1,000,000,000,000 Bytes (10¹²) | TiB | 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes (2⁴⁰) |
| Petabyte / Pebibyte | PB | 1,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes (10¹⁵) | PiB | 1,125,899,906,842,624 Bytes (2⁵⁰) |
Why Does a 1 TB Hard Drive Only Show ~931 GB in Windows?
This classic computing discrepancy is directly caused by the difference between SI and IEC unit definitions. When you purchase a drive advertised as 1 TB, the hardware manufacturer delivers 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. However, Microsoft Windows divides that raw byte count by 1,024³ (the binary definition of 1 GiB):
Windows labels this value as "GB" instead of "GiB", giving users the illusion that approximately 69 GB of space is missing, even though all 1 trillion bytes are physically present.
Frequently Asked Questions: Number & Data Tools
b) is the most fundamental unit of digital data, holding a value of either 0 or 1. A byte (symbol: B) consists of exactly 8 bits. Network bandwidth is typically measured in bits per second (e.g., 100 Mbps), whereas file storage is universally measured in bytes (e.g., 12.5 MB).